The Middle East is growing and developing faster than any other region in the world; it is one of the few areas that have continued to grow while the rest of the world is plunged into a recession. If your business is interested in international trade, the Middle East is the place to be looking.

Before entering into any international trade business venture, extensive research is required into the business market, potential new partners, suppliers and customers as well as the legalities that surround such a venture. One thing that always seems to be over looked (at least until the last minute) is the culture and way of life that you, your business and staff are likely to be submerged in.

Culture: The Middle East can appear very westernised, especially compared to 20 – 30 years ago. This perception shouldn’t be taken for granted, some of their customs and beliefs will differ from what the western businessman sees as the norm, without being rude or obvious, you need to be aware of any cultural or religious beliefs which could jeopardise a potential business relationship. Sitting down to a business meal of roast pork and a pint of beer could cause offence or at least show you haven’t made any effort to research the area or your potential new partner.

Visas: The complexity of visas will vary depending on which country you’re visiting. The majority of the GCC countries don’t often require visas although you will need one when visiting Saudi Arabia. Many countries like Qatar, Dubai and Bahrain will allow you to pick up visas on arrival. Some countries like Iran and Libya will require you to arrange visas in advance. Countries like Saudi Arabia and Libya are more sensitive about who they let in and out their country and this can occasionally lead to businesses having difficulty getting visas. By using a trade delegation, you can find it easier to not only grow contacts but successfully apply for visas too.

Holidays: There are many national holidays in the Middle East so you’ll have to do your research as they can vary from country to country. One of the more easily overlooked facts about western businesses is their religious week. Friday in the Middle East is the equivalent to a western Sunday and is treated as a religious holiday. This must be remembered before attempting to schedule any business meetings etc.

Travel: When is comes to travel everyone uses taxis and they’re fairly cheap in the Middle East especially in comparison to London. In Saudi Arabia and the larger countries, internal flights are very common and the way to travel.

Currency & Finance: Not all countries in the Middle East have cash points; the majority of those that do will accept Visa. There will however be banks on most high streets in the bigger towns and cities, which will be able to exchange money for you. Most hotels will also provide this service, although the exchange rate is likely to be quite high. This is another area which research will be required first as it can vary from country to country. Most companies in the Middle East will work on LC’s (letters of credit) when you have established very good relationships you can work on a credit basis

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Fonts are a set of glyphs or images that represent characters from some particular character set in a particular size and typeface. The fonts term comes from the Middle French fonte, from fondre (meaning to melt or cast) which referred to type produced by casting molten metal at a type foundry. Fonts in printing, sometimes called Fount, are a complete set of type of any one size, with all the usual points and accents; a font consists of about 100,000 characters. In computers, a computer font is an electronic data file which contains a set of glyphs, characters, or symbols such as wingdings. Although the term font first referred to a set of metal type sorts in one style and size, since the 1990′s most fonts are digital and used for computers or computer devices.

Ascender is a leading provider of advanced font products specializing in type design, multilingual font development & licensing and software development for mobile phones. The Ascender team is renowned for its TrueType and OpenType font expertise, and can tune fonts and create custom fonts for on-screen legibility in Microsoft Windows as well as Digital TV fonts, Set Top Boxes, Mobile Phone fonts, Game Consoles fonts, Embedded Systems, Consumer Electronics and other devices.

Font History and Font Formats

There are different font formats – which one should I choose?

OpenType fonts (.OTF) - OpenType is a scalable format for computer fonts that was initially developed by MicrosoftTM, then later joined by AdobeTM Systems. OpenType fonts were first announced in 1996 and AdobeTM completed conversion of its entire font library to OpenType around the end of 2002. In 2005, there were around 10,000 fonts available in OpenType font format, with Adobe’s font library making up under a third of the total. As of 2006, every major font foundry and many minor ones were developing fonts in OpenType font format.

TrueType fonts (TT or .TTF) – TrueType is a digital font technology that was designed by AppleTMComputer, and is now used by both Apple (MacTM) and Microsoft (PC) in their operating systems. Microsoft has distributed millions of quality TrueType fonts in thousands of different styles. TrueType fonts offer the highest possible quality on computer screens, printers, and include a wide range of features which make them very easy to use. PostScript Fonts(Type 1) – PostScript fonts predates TrueType by about six years. First, there were many different font formats for digital fonts, none of which were standardized. Then Apple adopted Adobe’s PostScript page description language (PDL) for its Apple LaserWriter printer in 1985. This, combined with the introduction of desktop publishing software, sparked a revolution in page layout technology. ClearType Fonts(found on AscenderFonts.com) – Microsoft ClearType fonts are an unprecedented innovation in font display technology that dramatically improves font display resolution and marks a genuine breakthrough in screen readability.These Microsoft fonts were designed by Microsoft and leading type designers and font technologists to improve the reading experience in Windows VistaTMand Microsoft Office 2007TM.With ClearType font technology, the fonts on your computer screen look almost as sharp and clear as those printed on a piece of paper.

The choice of font format is mostly based on the kind of documents you create and your computer environment. Here are some general guidelines: OpenType TT OpenType TT fonts contain TrueType® outlines, and have a .TTF file extension. This is the default font format of both Macintosh and Windows systems. OpenType fonts with TrueType outlines are popular among home users and both small and large businesses or other enterprises. OpenType PS OpenType PS fonts contain PostScript® outlines, and have a .OTF file extension. OpenType PS fonts are replacing Type 1 fonts as users upgrade their systems. Type 1 PostScript Type 1 is the original font format that was part of the desktop publishing revolution that started in 1985. Type 1 fonts for PostScript and PostScript compatible printers consist of more than one file and have a limited character set. These limitations are overcome with OpenType fonts.

Font Characteristics

Font Weight

There are three basic categories of font weights: light, regular, and bold. The regular font weight for most typefaces is slightly lighter than medium. Many computer fonts for Microsoft Office, Web and common use come with a normal, regular and a bold weight. Font Weight relative order: thinultra lightextra lightlightsemi lightbookregular, (roman), plain, normalmediumdemi bold or semi boldboldextra boldheavyblackextra blackultra Font Width compressed, condensed, narrowwide, extended Font Families There are a multitude of typefaces that have been created over the centuries and they are commonly categorized into font families according to their appearance. At the highest level, one can differentiate between blackletter, serif, sans serif, and decorative fonts.

1. Blackletter Fonts Blackletter fonts were the earliest fonts used with the invention of the printing press. They resemble the artistic handwritings of cloisters in the Middle Ages and fall into three groups: Gothic fonts and Old English Text – Of all the blackletter fonts, the Gothic ones most closely resemble the Textura calligraphy used with manual copying of books. A Gothic typeface was thus also carved by Johannes Gutenberg when he printed his 42-line Bible, including a large number of ligatures and common abbreviations. While in Germany, Gothic fonts were quickly displaced, they remained in use in great variance and are frequently also referred to as Old English Text fonts.Schwabacher typefaces were predominant in Germany from about 1480 to 1530. Most importantly, all of the works of Martin Luther, leading to the Protestant Reformation, as well as the Apocalypse of Albrect Durer (1498) were printed in this typeface. It was probably initially used by Johannes Bamler, a printer from Augsburg, in 1472. The origins of the font name are unclear; some assume that the font was designed by a typeface carver from the village of Schwabach who worked externally and was thus referred to as the Schwabacher.Most commonly known among the blackletter fonts as those of the Fraktur font family, which stated when Emperor Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) established a series of books and had a new typeface created specifically for this purpose. Fraktur faces were widely used in Germany until the end of World War II.

2. Serif Fonts Serif fonts are divided into four font groups: Renaissance – this font type has a slight difference in thickness within each font. This font category includes the GaramondTMand PalatinoTMfont families.Baroque – this font type has a thickness within each font with greater variety. This font category includes the BaskervilleTMand Times New RomanTM font families.Classicist – the most variance of thickness with each font. This font category includes the BodoniTMand Century SchoolbookTM font families.Modern fonts – these fonts are designed mainly for decorative purposes. This font category includes the RockwellTMand AmasisTM font families.

3. Sans Serif Fonts Sans Serif fonts first appeared to be the “Egyptian” font released in 1816 by William Caslons’ foundry in England. The Sans Serif fonts are commonly used for display applications such as signage, headings and other applications where the font is needed to stand out and continuous reading is not a requirement. Sans Serif fonts are divided into four font groups: Grotesque – This font category includes the GrotesqueTMor Royal Gothic fonts.Neo-grotesques – This font category includes the Standard, ArialTMand UniversTM fonts.Humanist – This font category includes the Gill SansTMor FrutigerTM fonts.Geometric – This font category includes the FuturaTMor SpartanTM fonts. Other common Sans Serif fonts include: LucidaTM, TahomaTMand VerdanaTMfonts.

How to Download fonts

FontMarketplace.com makes is easy for you to download the font. For every item that you purchase there will be a download link on the order confirmation page. Additionally, the receipt that is automatically emailed to you will also have the links. For more information, please view our Font Help page section on “How to Download Fonts” How to Install fonts Fontmarketplace.com provides font downloads in two forms: Automatic Installer for Windows Manual install for Windows/Macintosh/Linux/Other For more information, please view our Font Installation page under Font Help. All trademarks are property of their respective owners. Please view our Trademarks page for more information.

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The United Nations is proving once again how irrelevant it is in preventing wars and resolving conflicts. Three rounds of impotent United Nations Security Council sanctions have not acted as a deterrent in stopping Iran from its path of uranium enrichment.

In fact, it would appear that any further sanctions in the next several months will prove equally futile as well. As a result, many international experts now believe that Iran is only six months away from enriching uranium and the procurement of its own nuclear weapons.

The reality of a nuclear Iran presents serious ramifications for the global community to consider. First, the entire Middle East will be transformed into a nuclear arms race so other countries can maintain military equality with Iran.

In addition, terrorist organizations like Hamas and Hezbollah will gain direct access to new Iranian weapons of mass destruction. Iraq would become increasingly destabilized and the existence of the state of Israel will be directly threatened.

Consider that, for many years, Iran has made no secret of its dubious long-term intentions. Israel’s destruction has long been its fundamental objective. Iran’s Supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, said in a sermon on Iranian television on December 15, 2000, “Iran’s position, which was first expressed by the Imam Khomeini and stated several times by those responsible, is that the cancerous tumor called Israel must be uprooted from the region.”

Iranian threats have only increased during the last several years. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has repeatedly called for action to “wipe Israel off the map”. Then, his government sponsored a conference titled “A World Without Zionism” in October, 2005. His most recent outrage was calling Israel “a stinking corpse” on the occasion of its 60th birthday.

Indeed, Ahmadinejad’s intentions were unequivocal when he told a crowd of thousands gathered at a rally in support of the Palestinians in Tehran: “This regime, thanks to God, has lost the reason for its existence. Efforts to stabilize this fake (Israeli) regime, by the grace of God, have completely failed. You should believe that this regime is disappearing”.

Ahmadinejad also called Israeli leaders a “group of terrorists” and has threatened any country that supports the Jewish state. “You imposed a group of terrorists … on the region,” Ahmadinejad said, addressing the U.S. and its allies. “It is in your own interest to distance yourself from these criminals… This is an ultimatum. Don’t complain tomorrow.”

So, in less than a year, a nuclear Iran under the leadership of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad will appear on the world stage. It will be a country that successfully defied the sanctions of the United Nations and its nuclear capability will destabilize the entire Middle East and the world community. Based on history, it is also a prospect that would threaten Israel directly.

So, consider that the most important election in the world this fall may well be held in Israel. The Kadima Party primary election will be held in September, 2008. The election features Israeli Foreign Minister, Tzipi Livni, competing against hardliner and former Army Chief of Staff, Shaul Mofaz. Recent public opinion polls show that the race between the two candidates is very close. A Mofaz victory could well lead to the bombing by Israel of various nuclear power facilities in Iran.

It is also possible that the next Kadima leader would not be able to form a coalition government. In that event, new elections would be called, and held early in 2009. Currently, the overwhelming favorite to win any new election in Israel would be former Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu.

Netanyahu certainly fears the threat of a nuclear Iran. He left few doubts about his position on the problem of a nuclear Iran in December 2005, when he said the solution was “a pre-emptive strike similar to the 1981 attack ordered by then-Prime Minister Menachem Begin that destroyed an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor.”

” I will continue the tradition established by Menachem Begin, who did not allow Iraq to develop such a nuclear threat against Israel, and by a daring and courageous act gave us two decades of tranquility,” Netanyahu told the Maariv Daily. “I believe that this is what Israel has to do.”

His statements in November of 2006 also point to his increasing fear of Iranian nuclear capability: “It’s 1938 and Iran is Germany. And Iran is racing to arm itself with atomic bombs,” Netanyahu told delegates to the annual United Jewish Communities General Assembly. In his address, he repeated a phrase several times, like a chorus, “Believe him and stop him,” Netanyahu said of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. “This is what we must do. Everything else pales before this. “While the Iranian president “denies the Holocaust,” he is preparing another Holocaust for the Jewish state.”

The multi-year international crisis with Iran is nearing its conclusion. Several months from now, Iran will have successfully achieved the capability to produce a nuclear weapon. Sadly, international diplomacy and an ineffective United Nations will not deter Iran from its nuclear ambition.

The result is that the world is well on the path to another international military confrontation. Indeed, the ongoing threats from Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad appear to leave Israel very little choice. In the next six months, Israel will act to prevent a nuclear Iran.

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Do you love photography so much but you just can\’t seem to produce great looking photos? Do you want your amateur looking photos to look like it was taken by professional photographers? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then you will need the Adobe Photoshop.

First of all, you need to remember that most professional photographers today use Adobe Photoshop to edit the digital photos they take. You need to remember that not every photo they take is perfect and some will have the common mistakes in photography, such as the red-eye phenomenon, finger over the lens syndrome and even the hand shake syndrome. Poor exposure is another enemy of photographers.

Whatever it is, professional photographers are able to fix these mistakes by just using Adobe Photoshop. In fact, some professional photographers even edit the photos they take of models with Adobe Photoshop. If you read magazines, and you noticed the near-perfect bodies of models and very smooth skin, then you have an idea on how professional photographers manipulate the photos they take with Adobe Photoshop. For example, if you take pictures of someone who has an ugly looking zit on their face, then you will be able to make their face look perfect by removing the zit or pimple with Adobe Photoshop. In fact, you can even use Adobe Photoshop to make someone fat look like a supermodel.

Here are some of the basic ways on how you can make the photos you take look more professional.

The first is by eliminating the red eye from the photos. You need to remember that even if you are using the latest SLR digital camera with red eye reduction, it will still happen. Adobe Photoshop has red eye tool that will identify and completely remove the appearance of the red eye from the photos you take. It will even remove the red eyes from your pet cat or dog.

Secondly, you will be able to create brighter and clearer photos with more vibrant colors. Adobe Photoshop is meant to be a tool to help clean up an image as well as improve its appearance. With the color enhancing tools and adjust brightness and contrast tools, you will be able to turn dark photos in to something that looks like it was taken in perfect lighting condition. Basically, the tool will allow you to manually adjust the image\’s color settings that will result in the sharpest and cleanest appearance of the image as possible.

Another great editing feature of Adobe Photoshop is that it will even allow you to remove unwanted objects in the photos you already took. For example, if a seemingly perfect photo was just ruined by a trash can on the background, you can easily remove the trash can and replace it with something else as if the trash can wasn’t even there at all when you took the picture. You can even crop out people from the photos you take and even replace the background.

These are just some of the great things that you can do with Adobe Photoshop. As you can see, even an amateur photographer like you will be able to take professional looking pictures. With the help of Adobe Photoshop, you will be able to make your photos look as if it was taken by a professional photographer.

Get this free report and discover our totally unique step-by-step video training system, designed to make any newbie user completely competent with the basics of any Adobe Photoshop Software in record time

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Iranian art as a complex and ambiguous art received changes in the history. It follows the Iranian spiritual feelings. Iranian art has a simple shape and it is far from European romantic and gothic periods, however, it is full of complexity and word play the complexity of Iranian art is the product of three geographic and historic factors. The first factor is orientalism about which Herbert Reid said: it has conceptual layers. The second factor is mixing with Islam around 1400 years ago and finally, connection western

world (because of Iranian special geography which was interrelated with Europe either by diplomatic relationship or by invasion. There for, Iranian art includes the beliefs of oriental art, Islamic art and western art.

Orientalism

Iranian art

Islamic art

Relation with western art

Delineation of each art’s territory is not easy. His relation between Iranian art not only in surface level but also in deep artistic concepts is combined. It is a unique combination which concepts are combined. It is a unique combination which was declared to the people of the world as Islamic. Iranian art unfortunately, the complexity of Iranian art caused one dimensional look at this art in the history. Because of lack of special methodology for understanding the hidden and fundamental concepts of Iranian art, it was always superficial. Undoubtedly, moving toward knowing of Identity of Iranian art needs complete study. The first step here is the review of mutual relation of different arts within Iranian territory. This book tries to explain Iranian art as a parallel in a collection. This book defines 3 main stages. The first stage is collecting different art as a descriptive art. In this stage different books have reviewed and the information of them is taken.

In this stage even some of the text have presented without change from different book.

In the second stage it was attempted to describe the unique model for comparing of different arts. By the charts. These charts are the collected on the base of historical times and the recognizing of artistic characteristic. And is formed like a chart. These charts are given in the end of the each chapter as an abstract.

In the third stage, the writer is trying to compare and deduce the basic concepts of charts that are reviewable as a basic principle of Iranian art theory.

Undoubtedly, the third stage that is presented in the end of this book is the only first factor of editing the principle of theory in the Iran’s art stage. The completing these theories and understanding the theme of Iran’s art as a complete form need to specialized researches in any artistic stage.

2-1 the problems of research

Because the theories sources of Iran’s art were limited and in this limited space of science, the most part of the researches have done by non Iranian researchers the editing and deep knowledge of Iran’s art is very difficult. The problem of using these artistic sources is presented in three Stages.

In the first stage, Iranian researchers usually have collected information without any editing of research method. In this stage the most information transformed from oral speaking to writing. The focus of attention of Iranian researchers is on the work itself it’s characteristics this factor cause the reasons of formation and creation of one work to be less displayed. There fore, it is impossible to analyzing the art’s substructure

In the second stage foreign researchers have collected works by editing the model of research. But unfortunately, the dominant thinking on the historical division is based on the west history. The difference of understanding history caused the very valuable works of second century to be less important.

Third stage is one dimensional look at art history: the third problem for achieving the historical encyclopedia of Iran’s art is non adaptation of different arts and their method of impressiveness on each other. This caused the effect of arts on each other to be less important.

3-1- the method of research

Because the achievement of art encyclopedia needs deep looking, the main center of historical reviewing in this writing is attention to analyzing history. Descriptive history is only presented in the end of each part as a table.

In editing of this collection two hypotheses is the center of collecting studies.

1) The impressionable of art in the field of socio culture

2) Time coincidence of different artistic varieties in these different arts.

The general model of this division is based on the conceptual division of art in which arts divide into general field that is visual arts and dramatic arts. But in the details of this divisions, did not observed the seven art model and the focus of attention is the main arts of Iran that is drawing, music, literature (poem)

The second point in the historical reviewing of art encyclopedia as the knowledge of historical indexes of that art. Arts are analyzed as a form of historical art until can review weak and strong point of each art. Because of this method of research, each art have historical principles and special swaying times for example, while Mongol attack had much effect on drawing art, the Alexander attack on architecture art.

The third point in this system is the collecting of information. Because of the vast scope of historical geographical art of Iran, some of the works have remained out of Iran and the more information has collected as a library. But in collecting of information have been tried that the information sources to be approved by several sources. Until we can refer to them this method of collecting information caused that the information to be valid. But in any case, some of the information remains unanalyzed. The forth point in this writing, is non attention to philosophical meanings of art. It is mean that the writer did not like to define art and have not involved this book in philosophical challenges, there fore undoubtedly; some of the presented works is not artistic works by the view point of audiences. As a matter of the fact that this works play a role in historical evolution of Iran’s art, they have been reviewed.

4-1- place territory

One of the problems of editing this writing was non existence of definite place territory. It is mean that the country of Iran, because of special geographical situation, have not definite political border and even caused in the some of the ages the name of this country to be deleted from the broad world. In any case, what has been reviewed in this writing had been the world meaning of Iranian art that undoubtedly the main part of this works is not in political border of Iran in the most historical times of under study Iraq eastern part of the turkey, the south of Russia an common wealth countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan is in the creation territory of artistic art of Iran that in this writing we had paid to it.

5-1- time period

The historical period which is studied starts from the first civilization in Iran and continues up to the current century. Because of that fact we can survey two main historical periods.

a) Before the Arian immigration. It includes the Mesopotamians

  Civilization and independent civilization in Iranian current physical map.

B) after the Arian immigration: It starts from around 3600 years ago and in the end it forms the Medes civilization after immigration and presence of the three tribes, namely, Medes, Parthian and Persia in Iran. This country declared independence and formed Achaemenians governments as a cosmopolitan government.

Unfortunately, almost all academic research and studies separated the Iranians before and after Islam, However the compiler does not believe in that and call it a political separation which was defined and designed by Islam. In case of study of history the Iranian arts formation stages will be crystallized.

PHP Programming India is the best company of its kind and knows very well the use of Open Source/Microsoft technologies, keeping in mind all developments taking place every day and how they can be used to make Web Development Services more fruitful to its customers.  At PHP Programming India we design, redesign services on your choice on an excellent form. To make your business more and more successful our techies use latest technologies like PHP, Joomla, Drupal, Java, ASP, ASP.net, CGI, Perl etc, depending on situations.

Web sites have become a universal term and technologies have made web development a very expedient process. Whether it is a web page created for personal use or professional, development is required in both the cases. Web sites and web pages are increasing at a rapid speed and this represents a development made in the field of web development. These developments are beneficial for both developers and the users. The web has now become a peerless market for peoples to buy and sell all types of goods and services.

In simple words we can define web development as a specific area of work and the team involved in this area is conscientious for the creation of a finished web site. This process is a mixture of technique and subjectivity. Each web developer has his own style of work and the web site designed by him depends on his own creativity.

“Web Development in India” has become the favorite term of global companies in the field of web development. Now a day foreign companies prefer Indian firms as partner for web development services offered by them. Their cost effective techniques, professional approach, and excellent work quality are attracting companies from across the world. Web developers of Indian firms with their expertise are becoming the eye-ball of every business firm.

One of the most efficient firm which is creating history is PHP Programming India. PHP Programming India is a web development company based in New Delhi. PHP Programming India believes in developing in every manner to turn on the whole business processes and make it even more larger to suit the continuous running progression. PHP Programming India offers every service starting from developing web pages to SEO, from developing websites from the scratch to content management, its all here at one institution. Choose the service you need for your business and its available here. For making your web pages more visible on search engines, thus increasing your website traffic and website rank, PHP Programming India uses excellent content management tools.

Here at PHP Programming India we understand the requirement of an attractive web site for success in online business. Each project of web design and web development is treated uniquely according to the requirement of the user and his branding wants. PHP Programming India has a vast mass of experienced developers who are fanatical towards creating each web applications adapted according to every need of your business.

With our vast experience our web developers develops web sites that are fully beneficial for the business of our clients and increase their profits at the end of the day. At PHP Programming India we focus on making our clients web sites from uniqueness to fully advanced and developed one, with our knowledge and use of latest technologies.

Getting your web design company’s name out in the public, as well as networking with other businesses is a great way to draw in not only potential clients but also new ideas. Every web design company should take the time out to create online profiles on various networking web sites.

A company should not limit their online presence to advertising banners and blogging only isn’t guaranteed to get you too far. Powerful networking tools are available, giving the opportunity to connect with a large mass of people and reach specific target markets. It would be wise of a business to use these tools to build their internet existence.

Below is a compiled list of networking sites designed specifically with web design companies in mind. Review the list to see which ones will work best for you and your company.

Design Sites Up
9Rules
Ads of the World
Behance
Colour Lovers
Designer ID
Lo8os
Flickr
GFX Artist
Kuler
Open Web Design
Pixel Groovy
Typophile

Take advantage of networking because for the most part it is free. Branding can carry a company very far if done well. It is also important for companies to explore forums and write/post blogs. Here, you will be able to link up with other professionals, supporters, and consumers who are most likely to gain an interest in what your web design company has to offer.

About CODANK Charlotte Web Design

CODANK is a top Charlotte Web Design and Internet Marketing Company located in Charlotte, NC. The company is dedicated to providing a broad range of web design services. CODANK specializes in Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Graphic Design, Online Marketing, and Web Design and Development.

For more information, visit CODANK Charlotte Web Design and Internet Marketing Company at www.codank.com

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The Persian Cat is one of the oldest breeds of cat. In Britain, it is called the Longhair or Persian Longhair . A Persian without an established and registered pedigree is classed as a domestic longhair cat.

Persian Cat Origin

As their name suggests, Persians originate from Persia, now known as Iran, in the Middle East. Persian cat is one of the most popular breeds in the world, and one of the oldest.

Iranian domestic cats experts believe that today’s domestic cat is the descendent of Felis libyca, a cat that is still found in Africa and Asia. It’s not clear when longhair cats (in general) first appeared, as there are no African Wildcats (believed to be ancestors of domesticated cats) with that kind of fur. There have been claims that the gene responsible for long hair was introduced through hybridization with Pallas cat . Recent research however refutes this theory

The Persian cat was once traded for goods and valued for its beauty and temperament, aiding the beautiful, longhaired cat’s journey across the world. The cats were introduced into Europe by the Phoenicians and Romans in the 1500s as highly valued items of trade.

The first documented ancestors of the Persian were imported from Persia into Italy in 1620 by Pietro della Valle, and from Turkey into France by Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc at around the same time. From France they soon reached Britain.

The Europeans were impressed by the Persian’s long silky coat and purposefully bred the cats to perpetuate the trait. The longhaired cats from Persia were interbred with Turkish Angoras. Their appearance then differed greatly from today’s standard. Hundreds of years of selective breeding made Persians cobbier cats with drastically shorter muzzle.

The Persian was first registered with the Cat Fanciers Association (CFA) in 1871 when the association first kept records.

By the 1900s the cats were being exported to the United States and since then their popularity has spread throughout the world.

Persian Cat Appearence

The most common characteristics of the Persian cat are:

*Long, soft hair
*Strong, cobby build
*Large, expressive eyes
*Chubby cheeks
*High nose, which creates the “smushy” face type
*Low, rounded ears
*Wide, round head

A show-quality Persian has an extremely long thick coat, short legs, a wide head with the ears set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely foreshortened muzzle. Their eyes are often gooey, and the owner should clean their eyes at least once every day. The breed was originally established with a short (but not non-existent) muzzle, but over time this feature has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America, and Persians with the more extreme brachycephalic head type are susceptible to a number of health problems (specifically affecting their sinuses and breathing) caused by it. Their short muzzle also causes them to have dust and debris cover the inside of their nostrils more often, which makes it very difficult for them to breathe.

Photographic records indicate that Persians, up until the 1960s, show a difference in appearance to cats of the early 1980s onwards (i.e., from the Traditional “doll face” to the “extreme”, “ultra”, “flat-faced” or “snubby” face of today). However, the Persian Breed Council’s standard for the Persian had remained basically unchanged over this period. The Persian Breed Standard is by its nature somewhat open ended and focused on a rounded head.

It is generally accepted (and by the Breed Council) that through selective breeding, in an attempt to develop the ideal Persian appearance, the Ultra Face came about. This has been called ultra-typing. The Persian Breed Council’s standard was changed during the late 1980s to limit the development of the extreme appearance. In 2007 the Persian Breed Standard was altered to reflect the flat face and it now states that the forehead, nose, and chin should be in vertical alignment.

Conscientious breeders take into account and minimize health issues by careful choice of breeding stock with more moderate head type, as the stated goal of most breeders is first and always healthy cats.

Persian Cat Colors and Coats

The Persian has an extremely long thick coat. Since Persian cats have long, thick dense fur that they cannot keep clean themselves, they need daily grooming. To keep their fur in its best condition, they must be bathed regularly, dried carefully afterwards, and brushed thoroughly every day.

Persian cats can have any color or markings including pointed, golden, tortoiseshell, blue, and tabby. Tipped varieties are known as Chinchilla. Point varieties are called Himalayan in the United States and Colorpoint Persian in Europe.

In the USA, there was an attempt to establish the Silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted and Silver and Golden longhaired cats, recognized by CFA more specially as Chinchilla Silvers, Shaded Silvers, Chinchilla Goldens or Shaded Goldens are judged in the Persian category of cat shows . In South Africa , the attempt to separate the breed was more successful: the SA Cat Council (SACC) registers cats with 5 generations of pure bred Chinchilla as a Chinchilla Longhair.

The Persian Cat Temperament

These beautiful cats have a sweet, gentle personality, with a quite melodious voice. They make wonderful family pets because they adapt so easily to their environment. The Persians are tremendously responsive and communicate with their large expressive eyes. Their cobby body style keeps them from high jumping (usually). This breed is the most calm and docile of all cat breeds but is also loving and affectionate. Playful but not demandingly so, and although not shy, they do tend to be undemonstrative. Their gentle temperament allows then to adjust to new environments with ease, making them ideal show cats. Persians tend to be accepting of other animals in the family.

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What Is HTML?

HTML or Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant language in which most Internet web pages are based.  HTML accomplishes a number of tasks via a web page, including describing the structure of text based information to be displayed within the page (font sizes, text colors and formats, etc.), providing a means for the user to interact with the site via web forms, and embedding images and other types media for display to the user.

When an HTML page is provided to a user’s web browser over the Internet, the web browser will “translate” the HTML code into the format that will be displayed to the user.
HTML is written in the form of labels (known as tags).  Each tag includes an “open” tag and a “close” tag, and the text that is contained within the opening and closing tags.  For example, text can be made bold by using the <b> and </b> tag pair, so that the following HTML code will display the bold text word “Hello” in the user’s web browser.
<b>
Hello
</b>
HTML pages can also incorporate or embed the code for one or more “scripting languages”, including JavaScript, PHP, CGI, and ASP.Net.

What Can HTML Do for Me?

HTML provides the basic structure for your website, so it’s the foundation for your business getting its message to customers and potential customers.  When you understand the basic principles of HTML, you can begin to format your web pages to have a more unique and in- house appearance.  Brand recognition is important in business, and a little HTML coding can change a template style web page into something that is unique and recognizable.  In addition to displaying advertising copy, pictures, brochures and the like, you can also:

· Provide users with a feedback form to submit basic information to you through the website.
· Generate an email
· Offer a Guestbook

How Do I Learn HTML?

As you might suspect, there is a seemingly endless supply of web-based tutorials and instructional materials for learning about HTML.  There are a number of Internet-based tutorials to get you started, and to instruct you on any particular detail or HTML feature that you’re interested in.

Another way to “learn” HTML is simply to create you website using a web-authoring program, and examine the HTML code behind it.  We’ll talk about a few of the leading web-authoring programs later in this article.

Do I Need To Learn It?

Strictly speaking, you don’t need to become an HTML expert to build and administer your businesses website.  Many of the most popular tools for website construction include powerful capabilities (including many that most websites may never utilize).  As an added benefit, some of these programs are available at no cost.

Since the HTML that serves as the backbone of a website is basically just text, any text editor (including Microsoft’s Notepad) can be used to create a website.  Even though writing HTML code directly in a text editor can eventually help you to better understand what’s going on “under the hood”, spending the time necessary to become a hardcore HTML coder might simply not be an option.

In contrast, there are also popular programs that make it much easier to create your website layout and design through graphical user interface.  These programs do the heavy lifting, and will automatically assemble the HTML code based on the design you make.

Dreamweaver

Adobe’s Dreamweaver is one of the leading commercial web design software packages available today.  Dreamweaver has a reputation within in the web design community as being very rich in features, and one that generates very “clean” or more standards-compliant code.  (This means that, in theory, the Dreamweaver code should run more predictably on a broader range of web browsers.)  Dreamweaver also has strong support for CSS, JavaScript, XML, and a variety of other functionalities that are commonly used on “higher end” websites.  In addition, Dreamweaver has tight integration with Adobe’s other design programs, including Photoshop and Flash.  This can be a time-saver if you are using (or decide to use) those other programs.

On the other hand, Dreamweaver is expensive, compared to other commercial options.  In addition, many feel that because there are so many features and functions available in the program, it can be intimidating for new users and designers.

Expression Web

Microsoft’s Expression Web (the successor to the venerable FrontPage software) is Microsoft’s web authoring tool and is considered to be one of the leading web design tool available today.

Expression Web has many (if not most) of the same tools as are available in Dreamweaver, and boasts strong integration with Microsoft’s other design and infrastructure products, such as Visual Studio, SharePoint, and the Office suite of products.  In addition, Expression Web’s menu structures and look-and-feel will be familiar to users of other Microsoft Office products, which can make it easier for those already accustomed to Microsoft products.

Note, however, that the source code that Expression Web generates is sometimes not as clean as that created by Dreamweaver (or coded directly into HTML using a simple text editor), so this may result in some problems (or at least some additional time required) if you decide to use Dreamweaver to modify a page that was created in Expression Web.  In addition, some page elements (such as tables) can require additional work if created in one program and then edited in another.

Nvu

For those who want to create relatively simple websites, without some of the fancy features that are available with Dreamweaver and Expression Web might wish to consider the open source product Nvu.  Nvu has a graphical user interface like Dreamweaver and Expression Web, and is very efficient at making much HTML coding easier and quicker.  As an open source product, Nvu is free of charge, and relatively well supported by its user community.

Web-Based Programs and Templates

Finally, be aware that there are a number of web-based authoring programs (such as Homestead) and template services available.  These options often require very little effort in terms of design and coding, and are generally available at very reasonable prices.  Keep in mind, however, that because most templates are or have been available to other users, you might wind up with a design that is not unique, or doesn’t provide your website with a sufficiently distinct identity.

How to Move Forward

At the end of the day, any web authoring tool is likely to have both have pluses and minuses.  Before committing to license any particular package, take a little time to try any available online or downloadable trial versions of the package.  The key to deciding is to identify your current and future needs, and balance this against your budget for the project.  While choosing a particular tool won’t forever tie you to using that same tool in the future, making a thoughtful decision at the outset can help you to avoid spending time making corrections and adjustments down the road.

In closing, if you’d rather NOT learn HTML or just find it too confusing but still need it to help you with your business you should check out MemberSpeed software solution.

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Icons are little images, graphical symbols often used in the computer. Some icons are used in menus, screens, desktop, windows, browsers, and applications. Icons are used to give symbolize the function and features of many objects. Icons are representations for any objects, and it gives improvements to the design of a particular application. These icons are very effective to provide good representations to certain applications, especially that users are more attracted to graphics rather than reading texts and characters. Icons provide expressions to many applications especially to the productivity applications like word processing and excel applications. Icons provide identities to particular applications so that a user won’t have to scratch his or her because he cannot easily find what he or she is looking for.

Moreover, icons can be known by their placements according to the message links and aesthetics. The image or symbol of the icon basically synchronizes with functions of applications. For example, the Network computer is represented by network hardware while My Computer is represented by a computer monitor. Word document icons are represented by a document with a letter “W” in the middle representing its meaning. Icons provide resemblance to many documents and applications so that the user can easily find the targeted application or document. Some icons may not provide perfect representation to a document or application, but it definitely provides deeper meanings and concepts that distinguish from the other icons. So the uniqueness of the icons should be there to provide enhancement on the aesthetics and functions.

Furthermore, many icons provide different purposes and representations to many objects. Website icons are used in the Internet to provide the users with easy and user-friendly navigation in any browser. Like the Home button which is represented by a small house. Application icons are representations for many software programs along with the toolbars and menus. Desktop icons are the ones often seen especially when the user boots the computer. Icons also provide emotion representations like the emoticons in an instant messenger which is widely used nowadays for communication through the use of the internet. There are also instances that icons can be updated or edited through the use of an icon editor. Most of the time, the icon that can be edited is a free icon which can easily be acquired in the Internet.

A good icon maker is necessary in making rich graphical icons. Making an icon requires basic skills and creativity to be able to create a successful icon that can definitely provide good representation to an object. A windows icon is an example of an icon that should be done with creativity and simplicity because sometimes a complex icon can’t provide the user with the necessary representation.

Download icon editor that can provide with good functions in creating great icons for applications. Sib Icon Editor is an example of a good icon editor. This tool is rich in functions and with this tool, creating and editing icons can done in a few minutes without the need of expertise in icon editing.

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There’s a beautiful legend which tells that the Persian cat was created by a wizard from a sparkle, which jumped out of the fire, the shimmer of two far away stars and a curl of grey smoke. I’d say that this legend rather closely describes appearance and temperament of the Persian cat, but the real history of persian cat breed is not less interesting or less mysterious.

So how does such mutation as long hair appear in a domestic cat? None of its wild counterparts has long hair gene. Well, if only lynx and snow leopard have a slightly longer coat due to the environmental conditions of their habitat.

It’s rather difficult now to investigate the origins of the long-haired cats, but most probably they are rooted in Persia, which is now called Iran. That’s from where Pietro della Valle brought several long-haired cat beauties to Italy in 1620. And a few years later the scholar and naturalist Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc brought long-haired cats form Angora (now Ankara in Turkey) to France. When the first long-haired cats appeared in England (which is now called ‘the second motherland of the Persian cats) they were called ‘French cats’.

It’s not exactly known whether those were the cats of one and the same breed. Nowadays it is the recognized fact that there existed several breeds of long-haired cats in the East. Angora cats were described as fluffy, light and active animals of a medium size, while well-known Alfred Edmund Brehm described long-haired Angora cats as big-sized and clumsy cats. He as well noted that grey and blue Angora cats were observed in the South of Siberia.

It’s not easy to answer the question why the animal from hot Asian counties has got long hair, while Mother Nature usually gifted long-hair to animals from severe Northern countries.

There are several versions regarding the long-haired cats origin. Some believe that among the ancestors of the Persian cat breed there were long-haired cats form Siberia which at first got into East and Small Asia, and only then were brought to Western Europe.

Others believe that long hair was a mutation which happened to a short-haired cat in the East, which then was kept in the process of domestication and some sort of selection – thus the cats which got into Europe and Siberia were aborigineous to Eastern countries.

The third theory roots in the phenotypic differences between the Persian cats and other domestic cats. This theory suggests that massive stocky with the ears set wide, big round head are related to Pallas’ Cat ( Felis manul ) otherwise known as Manul – wild cat which lives in Central Asia and has comparatively long hair, flat face with round eyes and ears set low on the head. Recent research however refutes this theory.

Such are the different Persian cat origin theories but anyway, all of them are pointing to Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan as the Persian cat native lands.

England is rightfully called the second Motherland of the Persian cats, as it were British cat fanciers who started to purposefully breed cat breeds (and primarily – Persian cat breed) in the 19th century. Although that was the time when the long-haired cats started being differentiated into Turkish Angora (long flexible body, silky but less thick coat, big pointed ears) and Persian cats (massive, with big round head and small ears), as a matter of fact only blue cats of the latter were called Persian, and all the rest were simply called ‘long-haired’ cats. Every of about 50 colors of long-haired cats was considered to be a separate breed. Till nowadays the Persian cat in England is not in fact called ‘Persian’ but rather ‘long-haired’, and every color variation is attributed to a separate cat breed. Also the official ruling of the British cat fanciers club regarding this issue was issued as early as 1910, the Englishmen still follow this kind of breed distinction.

The Persian cats arrived into America in the eighties of the 19th century and soon became a very popular cat breed. Unlike British clubs, in America all the color variations of the long-haired cats were attributed to one cat breed – “the Persian cat”. There are lots of color variations for Persian cats but Persian show cats are limited to the following colors: solid color, shaded and smoke, tabby, particolor, bicolor.

For today we know about 150 variations of the persian cat breed and contemporary persian cat, due to the efforts of many breeders, is a work of art among the other cat breeds. New age Persian cats are quite different form their ancestors. The Persian cats of the ‘old type’ had a narrower face, the color variations were not so rich and the coat was not so thick and delightful. Contemporary Persian cat might have its coat as long as 10 centimeters. One could say that the contemporary persian cat is the result of selective breeding by cat breeders from different countries. Probably due to that fact there are several Persian breed standards and some of the traits are still not agreed upon.

For one, starting form the middle of the 20th century, American cat breeders’s efforts were aimed at reinforcing traits peculiar to Persian breed – they were trying to breed a cat with even more massive, short body, even more round head and flat muzzle. As a result a new variation – Extreme Persian (or Peeked Faced Persian) – emerged. The first kittens of that type were born to red and red tabby persians in 1920-s. Although veterinarians believe that extreme manifestation of such traits is harmful to the animals health (specifically affecting their sinuses and breathing), and the despite the fact that British cat fanciers stand against such breeding, extreme persians are extremely popular in America and many European countries.

Contemporary persian cat became progenitor to a new breed – Exotic cat – a short-haired cat breed which has all the traits specific for the Persian cat breed with the exception of the coat length. Exotic cat is a hybrid with adorable temperament and excellent physical condition. The breed was created by American cat breeders in 1960-s. FIFe (Federation Internationale Feline) recognized the Exotic cat breed in 1984. Short (though longer than with other short-haired cat breeds) but awesome sparkly coat of the Exotic cat does not cause any problems with grooming.

ICON MODEL MANAGEMENT TORONTO

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Stressing a long-term approach to representation, Icon Model Management cooperates with its models to secure the most desirable placements. Icon Model Management also takes pride in supporting its models throughout their careers; the firm’s skilled evaluators work with talent to assist them in developing their talent and selecting opportunities best suited to their gifts.

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Analyses private relations

In

Iranian civil code

Author: EHSAN ZARROKH

LLM OF ISLAMIC LAW

Zarrokh2007@yahoo.com

Abstract

Civil law or private Body of law developed from Roman law and used in continental Europe and most former colonies of European nations, including the province of Quebec and the U.S.

The most significant codifications of modern civil law were the French (Napoleonic code) and the German (German civil code). The basis of law in civil-law jurisdictions is statute, not custom; civil law is thus to be distinguished from common law. In civil law, judges apply principles embodied in statutes, or law codes, rather than turning to case precedent. French civil law forms the basis of the legal systems of The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, most of France’s former possessions overseas, and many Latin American countries. German civil law prevails in Austria, Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries, and certain countries outside Europe, such as Japan, that have westernized their legal systems. The term is also used to distinguish the law that applies to private rights from the law that applies to criminal matters: our means civil law opposed criminal law, I must avowal that Iranian Islamic civil law influenced by French & German code; though our civil code different from them because we have great jurisprudence sources in civil law and according to the Iranian constitution all code must based on FIFG.

Now I perfect talk about some topics as legacy and will, persons, Guardianship, Nationality, Domicile, Continuously Absent Persons, Marriage, temporary marriage, Dowry and Divorce.

1) LEGACY & WILL

These are the most complicated terms in Iranian Islamic law because they have many outgrowths and related to mathematic, they derivative of KORAN(SUREH:AL’NISA)

Since there are many themes about these topics I prefer to point some of them that related to human and especially women rights.

All of us know there are some things that we respect to them as ownership, means you can do any thing with your property before death or after but under Islamic civil law your decisions for your property after death your limited to one – third of your property, this sentence state in article 843″ The testamentary disposition of more than one – third of the estate is not valid, except with the permission of the heirs; and if some of the heirs agree, the disposition applies only to the share of those heirs.” I think legal orders shouldn’t compel people in their private life.

Exclusion from Inheritance (HUJB) this phrase express in article 886″ Exclusion from Inheritance (HUJB) is the name given to the state of an heir who is completely or partially excluded from taking an inheritance owing to the existence of another heir.” And have two classes that sate in article 887″ Exclusion from inheritance is divided into two classes: First, when the heir is deprived of the inheritance totally, e.g. a brother’s son is deprived of the inheritance owing to the existence of deprived of an inheritance owing to the existence of brothers of the full blood Second, when the portion of an heir is lessened from the highest grade to the lowest grade; as for instance when the share of a husband is lessened from a half to a quarter whenever there are children from the wife; and similarly when the share of the woman is reduced from a quarter to an eight when ever there are children from her husband.”

This order absolutely against humanity also restrict women rights; can you accept your mother share decrease who to give birth to you this sentence express in article 892″ Partial exclusion from inheritance of a share occurs in the following cases 1 – Whenever the deceased has children or grandchildren, in that case the parents of the deceased may not take more than one – third of the estate, except in accordance with Articles 908 and 909, in which case it is possible for either of the parents to take, by way of relationship or remainder, more than one sixth; and similarly the husband is restrained from taking more than one quarter, and the wife from taking more than one – eighth. 2 – Whenever the deceased has brothers or sisters. In that case the mother of the deceased is restrained from taking more than one – sixth, provided that:

a – There be at least two brothers, or one brother with two sisters, or four sisters

b – Their father is still alive.

c – She under no incapacity for inheriting, except for reasons of murder; and

d – The brothers and sisters of the deceased be of the full – blood or on the father’s side.”

Last proposition re legacy & will is woman (girl, wife, mother and sister) heritage now I want explain some articles correlate to this, Article 907 – If the deceased leaves no parents, but has one or more children, the estate will be divided as follows: If the offspring consists of only one, whether son or daughter, the whole of the estate belongs to that child. If there are several children, but all are sons or all daughters, the estate will be divided equally among them.

If there are several children, some being sons and some daughters each son takes twice as much as each daughter.

Article 908 – If the father or the mother of the deceased, or both parents, are alive,

Together with one daughter, the share of each one of the father and the mother will be

One-sixth of the estate; and the share of the daughter will be one – half there of. The

Remainder must be divided among all the rest of the heirs in proportion to the share of

Each; unless the mother comes after someone else, in which case the mother takes no

portion of the remained.

Article 920 – If the heirs of the deceased consist of several full brothers and sisters, or of several half – brothers and half – sisters on the father’s side, the share of a male will be twice that of a female.

Article 924 – If the deceased leaves ancestors and brothers and sisters (KALALEH), two – thirds of the estate goes to the heirs which have relationship on the side of the father; and in dividing up this portion the males take twice the portion of the females; and one – third goes to the heirs which have relationship on the mother’s side, and is divided among them equally; nevertheless, if the relations on the mo her ’s side consist of only one brother or one sister on the mother’s side, he or she will only be entitled to one – sixth of the estate.

Article 913 – In all the conditions mentioned in this subsection, whichever of the married pair is the survivor takes his or her, share and this share means one half of the estate for the surviving husband and one-quarter for the surviving wife, provided that the deceased left no children or grandchildren; and it means one – quarter of the estate for the husband and one – eighth for the wife if the deceased left children or children’s children. And the remainder of the estate is to be divided among the other heirs in accordance with the preceding Articles.

Article 942 – If there be more than one wife, the fourth or eighth part, which belongs to the wife, will be divided equally among them.

Article 946 – The husband takes inheritance from the whole of the effects of the wife; but the wife takes only from the following effects:

A – From the movable property, of whatever kind.

B- From building and trees.

These are most important articles in this background now I explain them.

According to Islamic law men can have 4 wives but women can’t, and women share is eighth and if man have 4 wives all of them together have eighth of heritage, moreover the share of a male will be twice that of a female this arbiter also state in KORAN “AL’NISA” it isn’t reasonable while jurisconsult said whereas man maintain family name and he supply expenditure of family but I don’t think they are good reason since in our society women are participant with men to supply family expenditure.

At the end I think these rules must variation and coincidence with society condition.

2) Persons

Societies wrought persons and they are most important pillar in all societies and governments know person’s value for their authority so they try to protect them legislation is the best way to do this; also I must say under Islamic law persons divided into body natural and body corporate; both of them have rights and tasks.

I must remind some of their rights and tasks are state in penal code & civil code; now I want talk about couple personal relation; if husband and wife nationals of the same country their personal relation will be subject to the laws of their country but if they aren’t nationals of the same country, this assumption said in article 963″ If husband and wife are not nationals of the same country, their personal and financial relations with one another will be subject to the laws of the country of the husband.”

Sentence about parents state in Article 964 ” Relations between parents and their children are subject to the law of the country of the father unless the only certain parentage of the child is that of its mother, in which case the relations between the two follow the laws of the country of the mother.”

Pursuant these articles we realize that woman is subordinate to her husband, as in Islamic belief that women faith are depend on her husband, we know most important things in people life is religious, when Islam said her religious depend on her husband her other things depend to him too. Because in Islamic catechism women haven’t volition also before marriage and after, before it her father is her guardian such as [articles 1043,1180,1181,1185 (I will describe them in next part)] and after marriage her husband will be her protector and woman need to his permission [articles 1233, 1117].

3) Guardianship

Under Iranian Islamic civil code guardian whom keep insolvents; and article 1207 specify insolvents” The following persons are considered as under disability and are forbidden to take possession of their property and their pecuniary rights:

1 – Minor children (under age)

2 – Persons who have not adolescent.

3 – Lunatics.”

Under age are persons that under age of majority and this age are different about boy or girl about this topic note 1 than article 1210 said “the age of majority for boys is fifteen lunar years and for girls nine lunar years.” This one of the most marvelous sentence, difference between boy and girl is six years, though these girls can’t deal in their property because she must be 18 years old but their guardians can marriage them, now I ask a question: woman whom 12 years old must buy some things for her family but the civil code doesn’t permission her bargain another question: can she claim her dowry in the court? Whereas she is under age and forbidden to deal in property and dowry is financial request so her guardian must complain for her but if she arrive to her right but court doesn’t pay her dowry to her rather give to her guardian.

Article 1208 defines the Persons who have not adolescent “by the words “persons who have not matured” is meant persons whose method of dealing in their property and rights is not in accordance with reason.”

Insane whom have problem in his/her mind and can’t do normally, article 1213said” A permanent lunatic and a periodical lunatic in his state of lunacy cannot make any intervention whatever in his property and his pecuniary rights even with the permission of his guardian. But judicial acts made by a periodical lunatic during a period of sanity are binding provided that his sanity is established.” This article divided insane into permanent lunatic and periodical lunatic.

Article 1233 state “a woman cannot accept guardianship without, the consent of her husband.” This is one of the articles that limit women, because under the Islamic thought women are incapable.

4) Nationality

Article 976 state Iranian subjects it say” The following persons are considered to be Iranian subjects:

1 – All persons residing in Iran except those whose foreign nationality is established; the foreign nationality of such persons is considered to be established if their documents of nationality have not been objected to by the Iranian Government.

2- Those born Iran or outside whose fathers are Iranian.

3 – Those born in Iran of unknown parentage.

4 – Persons born in Iran of foreign parents, one of whom was also born in Iran.

5 – Persons born in Iran of a father of foreign nationality who have resided at least one

More year in Iran immediately after reaching the full age of 18; in other cases their

Naturalization as Iranian subjects will be subject to the stipulations for Iranian

Naturalization lay down by the law.

6 – Every woman of foreign nationality who marries an Iranian husband.

7- Every foreign n who has obtained Iranian nationality

Note – Children born of foreign diplomatic and consular representatives are not affected by Clause 4 and 5 of this Article.”

Articles 986 & 987 state woman condition under civil code they said: Article 986 – A non – Iranian wife who may have acquired Iranian nationality by marriage, can revert to her former nationality after divorce or the death of her husband, provided that she informs the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in writing of the facts but a widow who has children from her former husband cannot take advantage of this right so long as her children have not attained the full age of 18. In any case, a woman who may acquire foreign nationality according to this Article cannot possess properties except within the limits fixed for foreign nationals. If she possesses landed properties more than those allowed in the case of foreign nationals, or if subsequently she comes into possession by inheritance of landed properties exceeding that limit, she must transfer by some way or other to Iranian nationals the surplus amount of landed properties within one year from the date of her renunciation of Iranian nationality or within one year from the date of her acquiring the inherited property. Failing this, the properties in question will be sold under the supervision of the local Public Prosecutor and the proceeds will be paid to her after the deduction of the expenses of sale

Article 987 – An Iranian woman marrying a foreign national will retain her Iranian

Nationality unless according to the law of the country of the husband the latter’s

Nationality is imposed by marriage upon the wife. But in any case, after the death of the husband or after divorce or separation, she will re – acquire her original nationality

Together with all rights and privileges appertaining to it by the mere submission of an

Application to the Ministry of Foreign affairs, to which should be annexed a certificate of the death of her husband or the document establishing the separation.

Note 1- If the law of nationality of the country of the husband leaves the wife free to

preserve her former nationality or to acquire the nationality of her husband, the Iranian wife who opts to acquire the nationality of the husband and who has proper reasons for doing so can apply in writing to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry can accord her request.

Note 2 – Iranian women who acquire foreign nationality by marriage have not the right to possess landed properties if this would result in the economic dominance of a foreigner.

The provisions of Article 988 so far as they concerns going out of Iran do not apply to the women above – mentioned.

For describe end of article 987 I state article 988 it say “Iranian nationals cannot abandon their nationality except on the following conditions

1 – That they have reached the full age of 25.

2 – That the Council of Ministers has allowed their renunciation of their Iranian Nationality.

3 – That they have previously undertaken to transfer, by some means or other, to Iranian nationals, within one year from the date of the renunciation of their Iranian nationality, all the rights that they possess on landed properties in Iran or which they may acquire by inheritance although Iranian laws may have allowed the possession of the same properties in the case of foreign nationals.

The wife and children of the person who renounces his nationality according to this

Article do not lose their Iranian nationality, whether the children are minors of age,

Unless the permission of the Council of Ministers allows them to renounce their

Nationality, and

4 – That they have completed their national military service.

Note A -Those who may venture to apply for the renunciation of their Iranian nationality according to this Article in favor of a foreign nationality must, besides carrying out the stipulations of Clause 3 of this Article, leave Iran within three months. If they fail to do so, the proper authorities will issue Deportation Orders for their expulsion and the sale of their properties. The above – mentioned prescribed period of grace may be extended Subject to the approval of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs up to a maximum period of one year.

Note B – The Council of Minister may in the course of approving the denunciation of

Nationality by an unmarried Iranian woman, approve of the denunciation of the

Nationality of her children provided that they are without father or paternal grandfather and are less than 18 years of age, or otherwise lack legal capacity. Also her children of less than 25 years of age can denounce their nationality in conformity with their mother’s for denunciation of nationality.”

5) Domicile

Article 1002 define domicile “the domicile of every person is the place wherein he lives and where also is the principal centre of his affairs. If the place or residence of a person is different from the principal centre of his affairs, the latter will be considered as his domicile.”

And about women domicile article 1005 state” The domicile of a married woman is the same as that of her husband.

Nevertheless where the husband has no known domicile and also when the wife has a

Separate domicile with the consent of her husband or by sanction of a court, she can have a separate domicile.”

Because women are under their husband and their husband can elect their wife domicile.

6) Continuously Absent Persons

Continuously Absent Persons define in article 1011 – A continuously absent person whose whereabouts are unknown is a person who has been absent for a comparatively long duration of time and no news whatever have been received from him.

Under article 1029 if woman miss her husband she must wait 4 years and if he return she can go to court and sue divorce article 1029″ If a man has been for four years continuously absent with unknown whereabouts, his wife can apply for a divorce The judge will then grant the divorce subject to the stipulations of Article 1023.” But this article state she must do article 1023″ In cases coming under Articles 1020″ The following cases are of those in which a continuously absent person cannot ordinarily be supposed to be alive:

1 – When 10 full years have passed from the date of the last news received as to the life of the continuously absent person and at the expiry of the period his age has surpassed 75.

2 – When a person was included in an armed force under any denomination and

Disappeared during the war and till three years after the conclusion of peace no news is received from him. If the war is not terminated by the conclusion of a peace agreement, the period in question must be reckoned as five years from the date of conclusion of the war.

3 – When a man engaged in a sea voyage was on board of a ship which was wrecked in that voyage and three full years have passed from the date of wreckage of the ship in question and no news is received from him.”, 1021″ In the case of the last Clause of the above Article if after the expiry of the following periods of time from the date of departure of the ship the latter does not arrive at its destination, or if it has not returned to the port of departure in the case where it has set out without determined destination and there is no news of its existence, the ship in question will be considered as destroyed

A – For voyages in the Caspian Sea and inside the Persian Gulf, one year.

b – For voyages in the Sea of Oman, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of AZOF, two years.

c – For voyages in other cases, three years.” and 1022″ If a person meets the danger of death or disappears in consequence of accidents other than those mentioned in Clause 2 and 3 of Article 1020 or if he has been in an airplane and the latter has disappeared a judgment of his presumed death will only be issued when five years have passed from the date when he met with the danger of death and during that period no news have been received showing that the man was still alive. “, the court can only issue the judgment of presumed death of a continuously absent person when a notice has been published for three consecutive times each with an interval of one month from the other in one of the local newspapers and one of highly circulated papers of Tehran inviting the persons who may have news of the man to convey their information to the court and when after the expiry of one year from the date of the first publication of this notice , the fact that the man is alive is not proved. ”

Article 1028 state ” The trustee who is to be appointed for the administration of the estate of a continuously absent person whose whereabouts are unknown must pay off the property of the continuously absent person the cost of living (NAFAQEH) of the permanent wife or the temporary wife of the continuously absent person duration of marriage has not yet expired and to whom the continuously absent person has undertaken to pay the cost of living. He should also pay out of the property of the continuously absent person the cost living of his children. If any difference arises as to the fixing of the amount of cost of living, the court must determine the amount. “

And article 1030 state ” If the continuously absent person on returns after the occurrence of the divorce and before the expiry of the period of UDDEH’ time, he has the right to cancel the divorce (RUJU) but if the UDDEH period has already expired, his right will be extinguished.”

According these articles wife must stay 4 years after her husband was absent means she can’t marriage in this time after it she must keep UDDEH that for death is 4 months and 10 days altogether she must stay 5 years for her husband for respect to him but if wife has absent her husband can marriage the day after it???!!!

A question if there isn’t any one to pay NAFAQEH (money for her expenditure such as house, food, clothing…) to her what she can to do? Should she stay? Iranian law doesn’t answer to this question.

7) Marriage, temporary marriage, Dowry and Divorce

Marriage in traditional societies as Iran has some complicated rites and both boy & girl must respect to them, also 20 years ago bride & groom can’t see themselves before marriage though it exist now in some families; some of girls have imposed marriage or have to marriage when they are under age or they have to marriage with men as their father.

Reason of these problems: 1. most of girls haven’t enough knowledge about their rights; 2. traditional society and family 3. Islamic jurisprudence that says girls must marriage before their period. 4. Legal problems: Iranian Islamic law has articles that about girl’s marriage.

Now I want explain legal articles about marriage & divorce.

7-1) marriage

Under Islamic law first you must ask from her to marriage this said in article 1034″ It is lawful to ask for the hand of a woman to whose marriage there is no obstacle. “

Obstacle to marriage said in articles 1045 up to 1061, I want express these articles then explain them.

Article 1045 – Marriage with the following relations by blood is forbidden, even if the

Relationship is based on mistake or adultery:

1- Marriage with father or grandfather, mother or grandmothers, or to their ancestors to whatever generation.

2 – Marriage with children, or descendants to whatever generation.

3 – Marriage with the brother and sister and their children, or their descendants to whatever generation.

4 – Marriage with one’s own paternal aunts and maternal aunts and those one’s father,

Mother, grandfathers and grandmothers.

Under Islamic law mistake in rape means you mistake in people that you rape with him/her or mistake in canon means you don’t know rules of rape.

Article 1046 – Foster – relationship is the same as relationship by blood as far as

Impediments to marriage are concerned, provided that:

Firstly – The milk of the woman takes its source from a legitimate conception.

Secondly – The milk is sucked directly from the breast.

Thirdly – The child has at least had full milk for 24 hours (one night and on day) or for 15 consecutive times without taking in between any other food or milk of another woman.

Fourthly – The child has taken the milk before it has reached the full age of two years

(From its birth): and

Fifthly – The milk taken by the child is from the same woman with the same husband. If, therefore, a child takes during twenty – four hours some milk from one woman and some from another, this fact does not debar marriage even if the two women have a common husband.

In the same way, if a woman has a foster – daughter and a foster – In the same way, if a woman has a foster-daughter and a

Foster – son whom she has milked each from the milk belonging to a separate husband,

That son and daughter cannot be considered as foster brother and sister and their marriage is not prohibited for this reason.

Article 1047 – Marriage between the following persons is permanently forbidden because of relationship by marriage.

1 – Marriage, between a man and his mother – in. – law or his grand – mother – in – law of any degree, whether the relationship is by blood or foster – relationship

2 – Marriage between a man and woman who has formerly been the wife of his father or of one of his grandfathers, or of his son or of one his grandchildren even though the

Relationship may be of the foster kind.

3 – Between a man with females of descent from his wife, no matter of what degree no

Exception being made even if the woman is a foster – relation, provided that the husband and wife have already consummated the marriage.

Article 1048 – Marrying of two sisters by the same time by one man is forbidden even if the marriage of each one of them is of temporary nature.

Because when you marriage with woman you have some of relationship with her family that you can’t marriage with her sister or mother as under Islamic law you can have 4 permanent wives and unlimited temporary wives “KORAN SURAH AL’NISA AYEH 3″

Article 1049 – No one can marry the daughter of his brother – in – law or the daughter of his sister – in – law unless his wife permits him to do so.

Article 1050 – Every person who marries a woman knowing of the existence of marriage ties binding the wife and of prohibition of his own marriage with that woman, or who marries a woman who has not yet passed the period of “UDDEH” of divorce or of death, with knowledge of the existence of the “UDDEH” and the prohibition of the marriage, his marriage will be null and void and the woman in question will definitely and permanently be incapable of becoming the wife of that man.

Under article 643 in penal code punishment for this act is prison six month up to three years” I explain this article in next part”

Article 1051 – The provisions of the foregoing Article will also be applicable in the case where the marriage was solemnized with ignorance of all or some of the facts mentioned in the foregoing Article, and the marriage has been consummated. In the case of ignorance, but where matrimonial relations have not taken place, the marriage will be null and void but marriage between the two does not become permanently prohibited.

Article 1052 – Separation caused by a solemn imprecation (LI’AN) involves a permanent bar to the marriage of the parties concerned.

LI’AN is jurisprudence rule and only man can do it not woman thus they go to court and man stand in right side oh judge and woman stand in left side of judge man says she is adulteress and swear he said true and if he prevaricate GOD agonize him then woman say he is liar and if she whiff, GOD agonize her.

Article 1053 – A marriage contract will not be valid while the party concerned is covered with the pilgrimage garment. If the party concerned marries with knowledge of the fact that such a marriage is prohibited, the marriage will be barred forever.

This occurs when people go to MAKKAH & MADINAH.

Article 1054 – Adultery with a married woman who has not yet passed the period of

IDDEH will entail a permanent bar to the marriage of the parties concerned.

Though under Islamic penal code if anyone adultery with a married woman he condemn to death.

Article 1055 – Sexual intercourse by mistake or by adultery if preceding marriage is

Tantamount to the existence of marriage as far as prohibition of marriage is concerned but cannot cause cancellation of the former marriage.

Article 1056 – One who perpetrates a shameful act on a boy cannot marry his mother,

Sister or daughter.

Shameful act in this article means sodomyh also it must occur before marriage not after, if it occurs after sodomyh marriage is authentic.

Article 1057 – A woman who has been the wife of a man for three consecutive times and has been divorced each time will become unlawful as wife to that man unless she is married by permanent marriage to another man and, after matrimonial relations with that man, separation occurs between them by divorce or cancellation of the marriage or death.

Article 1058 – The wife of a person who has been divorced from him nine times, six of which were revocable divorce, will be illegal as wife to that man for ever.

It so difficult to explain this for you, I trying to show this to you it means a man marriage with woman and divorce her three times in this condition if he want marriage again his wife must marriage with another man in have sexual intercourse with him then he divorce her so she can marriage with her first husband and if repeat once again they must redo this act and they can marriage again but if he divorce his wife three times again he can’t marriage with her again until death.

Article 1059 – Marriage of a female Moslem with a non – Moslem is not allowed.

Article 1060 – Marriage of an Iranian woman with a foreign national is dependent, even in cases where there is no legal impediment, upon special permission of the Government.

Article 1061 – The Government can make the marriage of certain Government servants and officials and students supported by the Government with a female foreign national dependent upon special permission.

Moslem woman can’t marriage with a non-Moslem man and Iranian woman can’t marriage with a foreign man and need to permission of government but Moslem man can temporary marriage with non-Moslem but not permanent.

Marriage condition

Boy and girl must potency for marriage this condition state in article 1041″ Marriage before the majority age is prohibited, majority age for girls is 9 and for boys is 15; Marriage before puberty by the permission of the Guardian and on condition of taking into consideration the ward’s interest is proper.”

According to Islamic law girl’s puberty is 9 and boy is 15, jurisprudence highbrow belief that girl’s puberty is 9 and boy is 15 but scientific research show their opinion isn’t true and girl’s puberty is 13 and boy is 14 but Iranian legislator accept jurisprudence highbrow opinion.

According to article 1043 “The marriage of a girl who has not married previously is dependent on the permission of her father or her paternal grandfather even if she has reached the full age of majority. If, however, the father or the paternal grandfather withhold the permission without justifiable reason, the girl can refer to the Special Civil Court giving full particulars of the man whom she wants to marry and also the terms of the marriage and the dowry money agreed upon and notify her father or her paternal grandfather through that Court of the foregoing particulars The Court can issue a permission for marriage fifteen days after the date of notification to the guardian if no response has been received from the guardian to satisfy refusal.” Virgin girls can’t marriage without permission of their father or paternal grandfather even if she has reached the full age of majority; because jurisconsult belief girls can’t recognize their advantage and need to guardian they say girl’s sentiment excel of their wisdom. Now what she to do if father or the paternal grandfather is not present in the place or obtaining their permission? Answer of this question state in article 1044″ If the father or the paternal grandfather is not present in the place and obtaining their permission is customarily impossible and the girl is in need of marriage, she can marry. Note – Registration of such a marriage in the Marriage Registry shall be pending on proving the above – cited instances in the Special Civil Court.”

7-2) TEMPORARY MARRIAGES

Under Iranian Islamic civil code marriage divided into permanent & temporary.

Permanent marriage is current in all societies but temporary marriages need to explain because it only prevalent in Iran and SHIA, as other Moslem schools doesn’t accept this. Though MOHAMMAD and 12 SHIA IMAM have temporary marriages, also polygamy belong to men not women, their reason for this sentence is story of IMAM ALI that he said if woman have several husband we can’t find out father of her child. Temporary marriage state in articles “1075 – Marriage is called temporary when it is for a limited period of time.

1076 – The duration of the temporary marriage must be definitely determined.

I077 – In the case of temporary marriage, provisions concerning inheritance of the wife and her dowry are the same as fixed in the Chapter on inheritance’ and in the following Chapter.”

Time of temporary marriage and dowry must be definite if one of these elements not given marriage contract will be dissolved. But in this kind of marriage legislator doesn’t dope divorce and dope waiver of the remaining period for man; main purpose of this marriage is only orgasm for man and money for women and “KORAN SURAH AL’NISA AYEH 24″ said this sentence.

7-3) Dowries

Dowry is property that man must pay to woman for marriage and article 1078 state” Anything which can be called property and which can be owned and possessed can be designated as a marriage portion.” And article 1082 state” Immediately after the performance of the marriage ceremony the wife becomes the owner of the marriage portion and can dispose of it in any way and manner that she may like.” But new bylaw said when man has money for pay dowry woman can demand it.

And article 1083 said man can installments dowry “duration of time or installments can be fixed for the payment of the marriage portion, as a whole or in parts.”

Article 1089 – Authority for fixing the marriage portion can be entrusted to the husband or a third party, in which case both of them can fix it at any amount they may wish.

Article 1090 – If the authority for fixing the marriage portion is vested in the wife, she

Can’t fix an amount which exceeds reasonable marriage portion.

These articles are about fixing the marriage portion but woman authority is limited and she can’t fix an amount which exceeds reasonable marriage portion. Reasonable marriage portion or “MAHR’O'SUNNAH” is dowry of MOHAMMAD wives which 600 DERHAM equivalent 60 DYNAR or 1550 us dollars (2007/03/23).

Article 1092 state “If the husband divorces his wife before the consummation of marriage (intercourse), the wife be entitled to half of the marriage portion and if the husband has already paid more than half of the marriage portion he has the right to demand the return of the surplus, in original, in the equivalent, or in va1ue.” If couple don’t determine dowry and before intercourse husband divorce his wife he must pay reasonable marriage portion (MAHR’AL’MOTEH) it means property that man pay woman by his status in respect of wealth or poverty it may ring or regalia, if husband intercourse with his wife he must pay equivalent of marriage portion (MAHR’AL’MESL) it means dowry same women similar her in family, wealth and …

Article 1093 – If no marriage portion is mentioned in the act of marriage and the husband divorces his wife before the consummation of marriage (intercourse) and the fixing of the marriage portion, the wife is entitled to a reasonable marriage portion, and if she is divorced after the consumption of marriage (intercourse), she will be entitled to the equivalent of marriage portion.

Article 1094- The status of the man in respect of wealth or poverty will be considered in fixing the reasonable marriage portion.

Article 1101 – If the marriage is cancelled before matrimonial relations for any reason,

The wife is not entitled to any marriage portion. If the reason of cancellation is impotency, the wife will be entitled to half the marriage portion notwithstanding the

Cancellation of the marriage. Impotency means man can’t have intercourse with his wife so she cans cancellation the marriage and husband must pay half the marriage portion to her.

Article 1105- In relations between husband and wife; the position of the head of the

Family is the exclusive right of the husband. It means woman must obey her husband, if she deny of his order or change her behavior with him she will be disobedient and husband can drub him. (KORAN SURAH AL’NISA AHEH 34).

Article 1106 – The cost of maintenance of the wife is at the charge of the husband in

Permanent marriages.

Article 1107 – Cost of maintenance includes dwelling, clothing, food, furniture in Proportion to the situation of the wife, on a reasonable basis, and provision of a servant if the wife is accustomed to have servants or if she needs one because of illness or defects of limbs.

Article 1108 – If the wife refuses to fulfill her duties without legitimate excuse, she will not be entitled to the cost of maintenance.

Legitimate excuse means period, sick, IHRAM (pilgrimage clothing).

Article 1114- The wife must stay in the dwelling that the husband allots for her unless

Such a right is reserved to the wife. We understand of this article that her communiqué must send to her husband home.

According to article 1117 – The husband can prevent his wife from occupations or technical work which is incompatible with the family interests or the dignity of himself or his wife. Legislator doesn’t define meaning of incompatible and courts determine it according to usage; if before marriage woman work hi husband can’t prevent with her work and woman can provision her work under marriage contract this commentary understand from article 1119″ The parties to the marriage can stipulate any condition to the marriage which is not incompatible with the nature of the contract of marriage, either as part of the marriage contract or in another binding contract: for example, it can be stipulated that if the husband marries another wife or absents him self during a certain period, or discontinues the payment of cost of maintenance, or attempts the life of his wife or treats her so harshly that their life together becomes unbearable, the wife has the power, which she can also transfer to a third party by power of attorney to obtain a divorce herself after establishing in the court the fact that one of the foregoing alternatives has occurred and after the issue of a final judgment to that effect.”

Article 1118 – The wife can independently do what she likes with her own property.

This is the most important article in this code because with other articles readers suppose woman can’t do any things with her property with out her husband permission.

THE POSSIBILITY OF CANCELLATION OF MARRIAGE

Article 1121 – Madness of either of the married couple, provided that it is settled, whether it is permanent or recurrent, will give the other person the right of cancellation.

Article 1122 – The following defects in man will give the woman the right to cancel the marriage

1 – Castration.

2 – Impotency provided he has not even once performed the matrimonial act.

3 – Amputation of the sexual organ to the extent that he is unable to perform his marital duty.

Article 1123 – The following defects in a wife brings about the right for a man to cancel the marriage:

1 – Protrusion of the womb (QARAN).

2- Black leprosy (JUZAM).

3 – Leprosy (BARAS).

4- Connection of the vaginal and anal passages (IFZA).

5 – Being crippled.

6- Being blind in eyes.

These articles state condition of cancellation: madness though after marriage or before made right of cancellation; this type of legislation have problem because if man being crippled or being blind in eyes or leprosy or black leprosy, legislator can’t compel woman to life with him, on the other hand legislator must say principle not sample; if Connection of the vaginal and anal passages (IFZA) occur after marriage(if woman under age) woman will entail a permanent bar to the marriage of the parties concerned and husband must pay her alimony until he or she alive, unless she is adult when she married which they can continue their wedlock. If man & woman aware than other one disease he/she can’t cancellation the marriage contract.

7-4) Divorces

A divorce is the best way for couple can’t undergo matrimony, and with divorces they will free; but in some countries as Spain divorce right doesn’t foresight for couple and when they can’t life together maybe they go to other country that recognition divorce right; so for abstinence from this problem Iranian legislator foresight this right also in Islam we see divorce right and in KORAN we see SURAH about divorce; but there is a problem under Islam divorce right is foresight for men not women, but recently women trying to take divorce right and they succeed some deal.

Article 1133″man with observe to condition in this code can refer to court and sue divorce his wife.

Note: woman with observe to condition in articles (1119&1129&1130) can refer to court a sum divorce.

Article 1119 – The parties to the marriage can stipulate any condition to the marriage

Which is not incompatible with the nature of the contract of marriage, either as part of the marriage contract or in another binding contract: for example, it can be stipulated that if the husband marries another wife or absents him self during a certain period, or

discontinues the payment of cost of maintenance, or attempts the life of his wife or treats her so harshly that their life together becomes unbearable, the wife has the power, which she can also transfer to a third party by power of attorney to obtain a divorce herself after establishing in the court the fact that one of the foregoing alternatives has occurred and after the issue of a final judgment to that effect.

Article 1129 – If the husband refuses to pay the cost of maintenance of his wife, and if it is impossible to enforce a judgment of the court and to induce him to pay the expenses, the wife can refer to the judge applying for divorce and the judge will compel the husband to divorce her.

The same stipulation will be binding in a case where the husband is unable to provide for the maintenance of the wife.

Article 1130 – In the following circumstances, the wife can refer to the Islamic judge and request for a divorce. When it is proved to the Court that the continuation of the marriage causes difficult and undesirable conditions, the judge can for the sake of avoiding harm and difficulty compel the husband to, divorce his wife. If this cannot be done, then the divorce will be made on the permission of the Islamic judge.

Though refuses to pay the cost of maintenance is one of the sample of undesirable conditions (OSR’VA’HARAJ).

Article 1143 – There are two forms of divorce, irrevocable divorce and revocable divorce.

Article 1144 – After an irrevocable divorce the husband has not the right to renounce his intention of divorcing.

Article 1145 – A divorce is irrevocable in the following instances

1 – A divorce performed before the occurrence of matrimonial relations

2- Divorce of a wife who is incapable of conception.

.3 – (a) a divorce which a wife achieves by giving a consideration to her husband and

(KHUL’A) and (b) a divorce by mutual consent (MUBARAT), as long as the wife has not demanded the return of the c3nsideration.

4 – A third divorce, performed after three consecutive marriages (of the same parties)

Whether by mere renouncement by the husband of his desire to divorce the wife or by a new marriage between the two parties.

Article 1146 – A KHUL’A divorce occurs when the wife obtains a divorce owing to dislike of her husband, against property which she cedes to the husband. The property in question may consist of the original marriage portion, or the monetary equivalent thereof, whether more or less than the marriage portion.

Article 1147 – A “MUBARAT” divorce occurs when the dislike is mutual in which case the compensation must not be more than the marriage portion. Article 1148 – The husband has the right to renounce divorce in a revocable divorce

Provide the period of “IDDAH” has not expired.

Article 1149 – Return to the wife after divorce can be affected by any word or deed which may convey the idea, provided that it is based on an intention to do so.

Wife’s period of Waiting (IDDAH)

Article 1150 – IDDAH consists of a period during which a woman whose matrimonial bond has been dissolved cannot marry.

Article 1151 – The period of IDDAH for a divorce or for the dissolution of a marriage

consists of three consecutive monthly periods of a woman unless the woman concerned though of child bearing age has no monthly period, in which case the period of IDDAH will be three months.

Article 1154- The period of IDDAH in the case of death (of husband) in both permanent and temporary marriages will be four months and ten days, unless the wife is pregnant when the IDDAH comes to an end with the birth of the child provided that the interval between the death of the husband and the birth of the child is longer than four months and 10 days: if not, the period of IDDAH will be the same four months and 10 days.

This sentence issue for respect to husband but if man’s wife die he can marriage the day after her death and don’t need to respect to her.

Article 1155 – There is no IDDAH in the case of a wife who has not had any matrimonial intercourse with her husband, or in the case of a wife beyond the age of Conception who is not affected by any IDDAH for divorce or for dissolution of marriage. But the IDDAH for death must be observed in both cases.

This is briefly of Islamic civil law in Islamic republic of Iran I try to explain the most important articles that correlate to humanity; I hope it can be useful for you to understand Islamic idea about private relation. In next article I try to explain Islamic treaty law.

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The retail sector in the Middle East region is growing rapidly. The increasing household consumption, affluent population, and booming services industry (tourism, banking and trading sectors) are propelling growth of the region’s retail industry. Also, the modern shopping malls anchoring state-of-the-art hypermarkets and various shopping events like Dubai Shopping Festival, makes the region a highly profitable destination for retail players, says “Middle East Retail Sector Analysis (2007-2010)”, the latest research report.

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Middle Eastern countries examined in this report include those of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman and other countries that are part of the Middle East, like Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, and Iran.

Key Findings

Increasing population and growing economy will remain one of the major key drivers for the growth of retail industry in the Middle East Region.

Per capita consumption of cosmetics and fragrances in the Gulf region is one of the highest in the world.

Large availability of retail space in the Middle East makes the region all the more attractive for industry players. Dubai is alone expected to see a growth of over 263% in Gross Leasable Area by 2010 from 2006.

Various shopping events like Dubai (Dubai Summer Surprises and Dubai Shopping Festival) and Dubai Duty Free (DDF) is the major contributor in the UAE’s retail industry, with retail sales in DDF accounting for more than 9% of total retail sales in the UAE.

The trend of shopping at modern retail formats is growing in Middle East.

Preference for international brands among consumers in the Middle East is increasing.

Prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases offers opportunities for dietetic and health foods

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CSS and Tables: The hype and the trends The History of tables

Before tables came along, the web was a pretty dull place. Using tables for layout opened up new vistas of possibilities of visually ?designing? a page. It could well be argued that table based layout was responsible for the popularity of the web and the field of web design.

Worse still, over the last few years, table based layout has come under severe criticism and was widely demonized. Web purists claim that tables were never meant for layout so one shouldn’t use them for such. A rapidly progressive hype seems to be in the air all around.

Reality behind the hype

Despite the fact that pioneers have been talking about web standards for a long time, the majority of web sites are still developed using tables and non standards compliant code.

History has shown many examples of technologies that started out life with one purpose, only to end up finding more practical applications as something else. And it sounds very apt in case of tables. The web itself was never intended to be a channel for edutainment, marketing and information but for sharing research data.

Using tables is a pragmatic approach, if not preferred

The W3c Web Accessibility Guidelines recognize that designers will continue to use table for layout – and so include information about how they can be implemented in the most accessible way. Designers are not going to immediately stop using tables for layout; mainly owning to the reason that this is the default behavior of most WYSWYG (what you see is what you get) Web design packages and; CSS for layout is so difficult to implement successfully.

Moreover, Professionals still argue the use of tables for the layout of pages on the Web, despite the fact that this goes against current standards. They argue it to be a pragmatic approach ? if not their preferred options.

Let’s explode the myths: CSS vs Tables

Most web designers don’t simply feel the need to switch over

The majority of web sites are still developed using tables and non standards compliant code. Because of this, user agents will be forced to handle table based layouts for many years to come. This effectively negates one of the biggest selling points for web standards. That of forward compatibility. That’s why, most web designers really don’t feel there is an overwhelming need to start developing sites using CSS based layouts and standards compliant code.

CSS development has a much higher barrier to entry than table based design

While comparing table based design to CSS based design, the syntax of CSS, for sure, turns out to be is pretty easy. Nobody in their right mind would argue that you need too be a rocket scientist to learn CSS. Nevertheless, some of the concepts can be quite tricky to assimilate.

Continuing in the same spirit it is true that there are so many bugs, even the ?experts? find themselves spending an inordinate amount of time bug fixing. For a novice this must be extremely frustrating. Not knowing if the problem is down to your misunderstanding of CSS or some obscure browser bug.

Perhaps this is why many people see web standards as ?Ivory Tower? and why many web standards advocates come across as having a sense of superiority and a zealous attitude towards web design.

Some things are just easy-to-do with tables

People often find themselves writing fairly complicated CSS to do something that would be trivial using tables. Take form styling for an instance. It’s possible to lay out even very tricky forms using tables in just a few minutes. You can achieve similar results by floating elements with CSS, but it’s a lot more involved. If you’re a CSS guru it’s all part of the fun. However if you’re a regular mortal, it can be incredibly frustrating.

Another such thing is page footers. It’s pretty easy to do using tables. Whilst doing this using CSS alone, it would hardly be any wonder why web developers turn their back on CSS when even simple things are rendered so

If you have the knowledge and patience, you can do most things using CSS that you used to do using tables. Sure it may take you longer, but you’ll get there in the end (or die trying).

CSS benefits. But does it provide you what you need?

It’s true that switching a large site to a CSS based layout can save a huge amount of bandwidth. However, for most sites, this saving would be insignificant or mostly irrevelent.

People want fast loading pages and many advocates have suggested that CSS helps accomplish this. For most sites, the ?design? is spread evenly across the whole site. However with CSS based sites, the ?design? is usually held in one or more external files. These files can be fairly complicated, and even for a simple site, can get big, or even fast.

Search engine friendliness: CSS vs Tables

It’s true that the search engines like semantic pages. It’s also a widely held notion that search engines like lean code. Building a site using CSS and web standards can defiantly encourage the development of search engine friendly sites. However it’s neither magic bullet, nor a panacea either.

There are many table based sites that score very highly in the search engines. It’s equally possible to build a CSS based site that gets a terrible search engine ranking. The most important thing for high ranking is content and inbound links, not whether a site uses tables or CSS for layout.

Issues pertaining to accessibility

There is quite increasing number of people who try to sell web standards and especially CSS based design by playing on client’s accessibility fears.

There isn’t anything inherently inaccessible about table based design. While it’s true that your site needs to be published to a recognised set of grammars to get an AA accessibility rating, tableless design is only a recommendation, not a requirement for the more stringent AAA rating.

The final word

Final Table based design will be around for a long time. However, it is not good enough just to say that it is wrong to use them . In certain circumstances using tables for layout can make much more sense than CSS.

Web standards and CSS based design are defiantly the way forward. However in the rush to advocate these ?new? techniques, people end up being hyperbolic and the reality falls short of expectationent Company with a well connected development infrastructure in India having a strong offering superior web services and solutions at competitive costs.

Any business today can only survive if it has an exceptional web presence. This is why a professional web development company would always strive to provide the best in web development services to ensure his client’s website is most glamorous and appealing too. With rising demands and drastic increase in competition, more and more web development companies are entering into the market. However, choosing a web development company that can best meet business requirements is an immense challenge that most businesses have to put up with.

In today’s throat cut competition anything below excellence is rejected by the viewer. Hence, a web development company has to look into the quality aspect of various web modules ranging from e-commerce business development, web design, and web content development to client-side/server-side scripting, and web server configuration etc. Usually the term ‘web development’ is perceived to be limited to only the non-design aspects of building websites, e.g. writing a markup language and coding however, this is not the fact. Development of a single web page includes various complexities and when it comes to web based Internet applications the scope of web development broadens even more.

The latest trend of online marketing, which means marketing of products or services over the Internet, is facilitating big and small businesses all over the globe. Gone are the days when ‘one for all’ use to be a regular as well as successful practice. Businesses today are very specific and strategic. This is where a web development company plays a significant role as they fulfill the requirements of an attractive web presence, which eventually asks for customized applications based on the nature of business, and needs of the user. Online marketing makes possible the distribution of information to a global audience through lower costs and at the same time helps to automate the work flow.

Web development platforms are many but to obtain the most stable and to benefit from it is what is known as the work area of a web development company. Web development is a strategically process which requires professional services and expertise to make its mark in the mesh of competitors. We can see new websites emerging on daily basis and vanishing soon. The reason for this is easy availability of the web development platforms but the unprofessional completion of the web development tasks.

Users are able to interact with applications from many locations and are no longer tied to a specific workstation for their application environment. Online auction sites, interactive education portals, sale-purchase of good and services over Internet are handy examples of web development techniques. This requires qualified and experience services from a professional and a dedicated web development company such as IT Chimes.

Security Issues

Many things are taken into account before trusting and handing over the important task of web development. Even the smallest malicious practice, committed whether intentionally or by mistake can prove harmful, especially in cases of passwords and protected content like credit card numbers. Therefore a trust worthy web developer and a stringent testing of web applications before public release is encouraged to prevent such exploits from occurring.

In any kind of trade, we can observe that there are many players but only those exist whose quality of work itself speak about their capabilities. When it comes to choosing a web development company the choices available in the market are immense. Certain companies like IT Chimes who is an experienced player in the market is one of the selected names, which is committed to providing clients maximum satisfaction with their affordable and expert services.

 
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TEHRAN, Iran

– An American journalist jailed in Iran has been convicted of spying and sentenced to eight years in prison just days after she was tried behind closed doors, her lawyer said Saturday, dashing any hopes for her quick release.

The verdict was the first time Iran has found an American journalist guilty of spying, and it was unclear how the conviction would affect recent overtures by the Obama administration for better relations and engagement with Washington’s longtime adversary.

Roxana Saberi, a 31-year-old dual American-Iranian citizen, was arrested in late January and initially accused of working without press credentials. But earlier this month, an Iranian judge leveled a far more serious allegation, charging her with spying for the United States.

She appeared before an Iranian court behind closed doors on Monday in an unusually swift one-day trial. Her lawyer was permitted to attend, but had declined to discuss any details. The Fargo, North Dakota native had been living in Iran for six years and had worked as a freelance reporter for several news organizations including National Public Radio and the British Broadcasting Corp.

“Saberi has been sentenced to eight years in jail. I’ll definitely appeal the verdict,” lawyer Abdolsamad Khorramshahi told The Associated Press. It was not immediately known when she was convicted.

The United States has called the charges against Saberi baseless and has demanded her release, and the conviction and prison sentence could put strains on efforts to improve ties.

President Barack Obama has said it wants to engage Iran in talks on its nuclear program and other issues — a departure from the tough talk of the Bush administration.

Iran has been mostly lukewarm to the overtures, but Iran’s hard-line president gave the clearest signal yet on Wednesday that the Islamic Republic was also willing to start a new relationship with Washington.

In a speech, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said Iran was preparing new proposals aimed at breaking an impasse with the West over its nuclear program.

But it was uncertain how Washington would react to Saberi’s conviction. On Thursday, the State Department said Saberi’s jailing was not helpful and that Iran would gain U.S. good will if it “responded in a positive way” to the case.

North Dakota Senator Byron Dorgan called on the Iranian government to “show compassion” and release Saberi. “This is a shocking miscarriage of justice,” the Democrat said in a statement issued Saturday.

Some conservative Iranian lawmakers played down Saberi’s conviction, saying the verdict would not affect any ongoing efforts to build trust between Washington and Iran.

“Although there is a wall of mistrust between Iran and the United States, the judicial verdict won’t affect possible future talks between the two countries. The verdict is based on evidence,” said lawmaker Hosseini Sobhaninia.

The United States severed diplomatic relations with Iran after its 1979 Islamic revolution and takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Relations deteriorated further under the former President George W. Bush, who labeled Iran as part of the so-called “Axis of Evil” along with Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and North Korea.

Iran’s judiciary is dominated by hard-liners, which some analysts say are trying to derail efforts to improve U.S.-Iran relations.

Saberi’s conviction comes about two months ahead of key presidential elections in June. Ahmadinejad is seeking re-election, but the hard-liner’s popularity has waned as Iran’s economy struggles with high-inflation and unemployment. The June 12 vote is pitting the hard-liners against reformists — led by a former prime minister Mir Hossein Mousavi — who support better relations with the U.S.

Human rights groups have repeatedly criticized Iran for arresting journalists and suppressing freedom of speech. The government has arrested several Iranian-Americans in the past few years, citing alleged attempts to overthrow its Islamic government through what it calls a “soft revolution.” But they were never put on trial and were eventually released from prison.

Journalist watchdog groups criticized the conviction. The New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists said in a statement on Saturday that her trial “lacked transparency.”

“We call on the Iranian authorities to release her on bail pending her appeal,” Mohamed Abdel Dayem, the group’s Middle East and North Africa program coordinator, said in the statement.

Iran has released few details about the charges against Saberi. Iranian officials initially said she had been arrested for working in the Islamic Republic without press credentials and she had told her father in a phone conversation that she was arrested after buying a bottle of wine.

An Iranian investigative judge involved in the case charged that Saberi was passing classified information to U.S. intelligence services.

Her parents, who traveled to Iran from their home in Fargo in a bid to help win their daughter’s release, could not immediately be reached for comment on Saturday.

Her Iranian-born father, Reza Saberi, has said his daughter, who was Miss North Dakota in 1997, had been working on a book about the culture and people of Iran, and hoped to finish it and return to the United States this year.